Common names:

Valeric acid Pentanoic acid
Caproic acid Hexanoic acid
Malic acid HOOC-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH
Phosgene Cl-CO-Cl
Urea/carbamide NH2-CO-NH2
Carbamic acid NH2-COOH
Carbamoyl urea NH2-CO-NH-CO-NH2
Ethyl carbamate NH2-CO-CH2-CH3
Cyanamide NH2-C≡N
Urethane CH3-NH-CO-O-CH2-CH3

IUPAC(prefix,suffix):

Group prefix suffix
Alkenyne (none) -en-yne
Halide Halo- _
Alcohol Hydroxy- -ol
Carboxylic acid Carboxy- -oic acid
Aldehyde Formyl- -al
Ketone Oxo- -one
Nitrile Cyano- -nitrile
Ethers (small)oxy- _
Ester Alkyl(OR')- + -oate(R+1)
Acyl halide Halo carbonyl- -oyl halide
Amides Carbamyl- -amide(N-group1,group2)
Anhydride _ -oic anhydride(Roic R'oic)
Acid hydrazide{-CO-NHNH2} _ -ohydrazide
Acid azide{-CO-N3} _ -azide
Hydroxamic acids{-CO-NHOH} _ -ohydroxamic
Thioacids Carbothioic acid- -thioic acid
Thioester Alkyl(SR')- + -thioate (R+1)
Thiol mercapto- -thiol
Thioether Smallylthio- _ [or Ryl R'yl thio ether]
Amines(1°) Amino- -amine
Amines(2°&3°) N-smallyl + -amine
Nitro{-NO2} Nitro _
Alkyl nitrite{-ONO} _ -nitrite
Isonitrile [Ryl isocyanide or (R+1)yl isonitrile or Ryl carbyl amine]
Sulphonic acids{-SO3H} Sulpho- -sulphonic acid
Imines Alakanal- + -imine
Cyclic ethers(Ring has n atoms) 1,n-1-epoxy- _

Special:

Lactones(cyclic esters)(n-member ring)  (n-2)th greek letter-lactone
Lactam(cyclic amides)(n-member ring) (n-2)th greek letter-lactam

Cyclic compound nomenclature:

Alicyclic Cyclo-

Bicyclic bicyclo[m,n,o] (m+n+o+2)ane
[m=n(carbon,large ring)-2,n=n(carbon,small ring)-2,
o=n(carbon,b/w bridgeheads)]
Numbering from large ring to small ring

Tricyclic tricyclo[m,n,o,p] (m+n+o+p+2)ane
[m=n(carbon,large ring)-2,n=n(carbon,small ring)-2,
o=n(carbon,smallest ring-2),p=n(carbon,b/w bridgeheads)]
Numbering from large ring to small ring

Spiro spiro[m,n] (m+n+1)ane
[m=n(carbon,small ring)-1,n=n(carbon,large ring)-1]
Numbering from small ring to large ring

Special rule:

When 3 or more like functional groups are present in an unbranched carbon chain then their carbons are not part of the name of the chain
Ex: HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH(COOH)-CH2-CH2-COOH is named Penta-1,3,5-trioic acid

Functional group priority order:

-COOH > -SO3H > -COOR > -COX > -CONH2 > -C≡N > -CHO > -CO- > -OH > -NH2 > --C=C-- > -C≡C-

Aromatic named substituents:

Substituent Name
Ph- Phenyl
Ph-CH2- Benzyl
Ph-CH-- Benzal
Ph-C--- Benzo
Ph-CO- Benzoyl
C6H4-- o/m/p - phenylene
Ph-C≡N Benzonitrile
Ph-OH Phenol
Ph-CH3 Toulene
Ph-COOH Benzanoic acid
Ph-CHO Benzaldehyde
Ph-CO-CH3 Acetophenone
Ph-CO-Ph Benzophenone
Ph-CH=CH2 Styrene
Ph-O-CH3 Anisole
Ph-NH2 Aniline
Ph-SO3H Benzene sulphonic acid
Me-Toulene o/m/p - xylene
1,3,5 trimethyl benzene Mesitylene
Isopropyl benzene Cumene
Ph-O-CH2-CH3 Phenetole

Multi-ringed aromatic compounds:

Multi-ringed aromatic compounds

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